What size parapneumonic effusions should be sampled?

The indications for operative intervention in parapneumonic effusions (PPEs) are currently based on their anatomical, bacterio-logical and biochemical features. Because PPEs ,10 mm in thickness on the lateral decubitus radiograph usually resolve with antibiotics, both the British Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians guidelines suggest that only PPEs with pleural fluid thickness (PFT) .10 mm on the lateral decubitus radio-graph, ultrasound or CT scan should be sampled. 1–3 However, Espana et al used a PFT cutoff point of 20 mm on the lateral decubitus radiograph for admitting patients with PPE and reported a significantly low outpatient mortality (0.5%). 4 We examined the association between PFT and the development of pleural complications in all patients with pneumonia who were admitted to Vanderbilt University Hospital during a 55-month period and had a chest radiograph and CT scan within 24 h of each other, with a pleural effusion and infiltrate on the CT scan. PFT on the CT scan was assessed by measuring the maximal distance between the outside of the lung and the inside of the chest wall in millimetres. A pleural complication was said to occur when the patient underwent tube thoracostomy, thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. Our hypothesis was that PPEs ,20 mm in thickness on the CT scan have a very low incidence of pleural complications. Of 1508 patients with pneumonia, 63 met our inclusion criteria. The incidence of pleural complications in PPEs ,20 mm in thickness was only 5.6% compared with 59% for those >20 mm in thickness (table 1). Three (23%) of 13 effusions 20–30 mm in thickness were complicated. The ideal PFT cutoff point for pleural fluid sampling should have a high negative predictive value (NPV) so that most of the PPEs with PFT below it are uncomplicated. A PFT of >10 mm had the highest NPV (100%) but with a rather low specificity (26%), which means that only one-quarter of the uncomplicated PPEs have a PFT of ,10 mm. The NPV for a PFT of .30 mm (91%) was sufficiently low to discourage its use in clinical practice as approximately 10% of the non-sampled PPEs would be complicated. A PFT of .20 mm with an NPV of 97% had a specificity of 67%. The main limitations of this study are its retrospective character and the small number of patients included in the final analysis. The data reported are on a small subset of the …